Kanji of the Year 2018, by Eve Kushner

 

Every December, a Kyoto-based kanji organization chooses a kanji that best represents the feeling of the past 12 months. For 2018 the winner was 災, which indicates “disaster.”

Last year Mother Nature walloped Japan with floods, typhoons, earthquakes, and a record-breaking heatwave, all of them proving fatal. As if that weren’t enough, there was recently a massive explosion in a Sapporo restaurant, injuring dozens.

Given all that, the selection of 災 seems quite apt. But I can’t help thinking that while 災 represents something terrible, this shape is far too cute for what it depicts.

The top of the character represents a “river,” which means “flood” in this context, according to Henshall’s A Guide to Remembering Japanese Characters. The bottom shape means “fire.” Fires and floods are symbols of disasters, he adds.

The 災 kanji has two Jouyou readings, サイ (sai) and  わざわ•い (wazawa•i). To me the latter pronunciation sounds like someone’s reaction to a catastrophe: “WAZZUP with all this destruction?! WHY?

We find わざわ•い (wazawa•i) in this phrase:

不測の災い (ふそくのわざわい or fusokunowazawai: unexpected disaster)     not + expected + disaster

Aren’t almost all disasters unexpected? I mean, one can see a typhoon in the forecast, and these days one can anticipate that major storms will wreak havoc, especially in low-lying or otherwise vulnerable areas. Even so, I doubt anybody ever really expects a massive catastrophe (because we’re great at burying our heads in the sand), even though we probably should.

The term 不測の災い reminds me of a joke by comedian George Wallace, who is known for his catchphrase “People say stupid things.” One bit goes like this (and I’m working from memory here):

People say stupid things! They say things like, “He died of an untimely heart attack.” Well, of course it was untimely. Who looks at their watch and says, “Any minute now… It’s about time for that heart attack I’ve been expecting”?

Then again, Japan is disaster-prone, so the Japanese should probably be on guard more than most. Because disasters occur so frequently in that country, this is a common term:

防災 (ぼうさい or bousai: disaster prevention)     prevention + disaster

In this photo below of an ema votive plaque, 災 appears in the bottom right four-character compound, read top to bottom as 無病息災 (むびょうそくさい or mubyousokusai), meaning “no illness.”

(Photo credit: Ulrike Narins)

Here’s a spin-off:

防災頭巾 (ぼうさいずきん or bousaizukin: a protective hood worn during earthquakes and other disasters [to protect the head from falling objects])    prevention + disaster + head + cloth

I’m sure I shouldn’t be joking about any of this stuff, but 防災頭巾 strikes me as funny. Wouldn’t a helmet provide more effective protection than a 巾, which means “cloth”?

I can just imagine the conversation: “Yeah, I’ll be running into a burning building, and yeah, bricks and wood will be raining down on me, but no, I don’t need a hard hat, thanks. I have a magic hoodie to protect me.”

I Googled 防災頭巾, certain that despite the kanji, these protective hoods would turn out to be quite solid. Nope! They look about as protective as bubble wrap.

This topic is rather grim, so let’s examine more cheerful terms involving 災. Here’s one:

一病息災 (いちびょうそくさい or ichibyousokusai)     1 + sickness + breath + disaster

The breakdown certainly doesn’t seem uplifting, but I promise that this term is. What could it mean? Choose one option:

a. After surmounting a serious illness, a person will be fine for life and can breathe freely.
b. Only one person in a family becomes seriously ill, so if someone else already is, you’ll be okay.
c. One who is sick gains an invaluable perspective on what matters in life.
d. The chronically ill take better care of themselves and therefore live longer.

Eve Kushner is author of Crazy for Kanji.

And the answer is:

d. 一病息災 (いちびょうそくさい: 1 + sickness + good health [last two kanji]) means “The chronically ill take better care of themselves and therefore live longer.” I’m really not sure I agree, but let’s focus on kanji matters, not mortality statistics!

Note that I changed the breakdown to reflect that 息災 means “good health.” Various dictionaries indicate that this reading of 息 means “to stop” and was originally a Buddhist term that meant “the Buddha prevents disasters from happening.”

We find 息災 once more in another positive four-character compound, this time at the beginning of the word:

息災延命 (そくさいえんめい or sokusaienmei: health and longevity; enjoying a long and healthy life being untouched by disaster)     good health (first two kanji) + prolonging life (last two kanji)

We can’t hope for much more than that. Except for money. There’s no use in living a long life in brutal poverty.

Here’s hoping all of us have a healthy and prosperous 2019!

About the Author: Eve Kushner is author of Crazy for Kanji: A Student’s Guide to the Wonderful World of Japanese Characters. She also runs the Joy o’ Kanji website.

Zero Plus Two, by Simon Rowe

 

From her flight bag Chiharu Kobayashi drew out a Chanel cosmetic purse and popped its clasp. In front of the mirror she touched up her lashes, eyebrows, then her lips. She examined her teeth and made a mental note to pick up a bottle of Hibiki 17-year in Dubai before the onward leg to Tokyo. Was it only her mother—or did all dentists love malt whisky?

Giggling sounded. Two cabin attendants, immaculate in their midnight blue uniforms and crisp epaulettes, rounded the restroom corner and appeared in the mirror’s reflection. On sighting Kobayashi, their giggles ceased. They bowed respectfully and greeted the woman before them with, ‘Good morning Flight Captain.’

At the coffee kiosk outside, the First, Second and Third Flight Officers afforded her similar reverence, then, together as a single unit, they made their way briskly through the quiet hall towards the boarding gate.

Through the gangway’s porthole windows, Kobayashi glimpsed the A350-900, sleek and gleaming in the Heathrow mist. The sight of the ‘Spirit of Kyoto’ always sent a pang of homesickness through her. And yet, for sentimental reasons, it also set her at ease; Kyoto prefecture was her grandfather’s home.

Outside the aircraft, the First Officer finished his inspection and gave Kobayashi the thumbs up. She stowed her logbook, took a few moments to programme the autopilot and made a final call to Air Traffic Control to confirm weather conditions. Last, but not at all least, she assembled the crew in the galley to wish them well for the flight. It was her ritual; her grandfather had done the same during the Pacific War.

Back in the cockpit, she called the ATC for ‘start-up and pushback’ clearance. She initiated the first of her two Rolls Royce engines, then the second, and after a short taxi to the apron, waited, watching the golden dawn sweeping the fog from the English countryside. The tower gave the all-clear. She moved the thrust levers and felt the big engines respond. With nothing but blue sky ahead and three hundred and seventy kilonewtons of thrust behind, her manicured fingers gripped the throttle, shifted it smoothly forward, and there it was—more than the elation of mastery over machine—that freedom to soar.

The English Channel slid beneath her, the French coastline next, and soon the patchworked farmlands of Normandy were lost to the clouds. She brought the aircraft to 30,000 feet, levelled out and handed over control to the computer. Hot coffee arrived. She cupped its warmth in her hands, marvelling at the sea of altocumulus ahead of her. It recalled the valleylands of Kyoto in winter, when, many years ago, she’d gone to visit her grandfather for the last time.

A green Toyota made its way along an icy road. Snow-covered fields of rice stalk ran to the base of mountains on each side. At a railway crossing, the car halted and from a tunnel a red two-carriage diesel train burst with plumes of white powder into the bright morning light. Wrapped in a pink bomber jacket and wearing a knit cap, the young girl seated in the back of the car looked sullen; neither the landscape nor the funny-looking train held for her any mystery or intrigue.

The car turned into a driveway and a few moments later stopped outside a large wooden and tiled-roof homestead. Craggy rocks jutted from an ornamental garden. There were stone lanterns, plum and cherry trees, and a pine whose trunk had been coaxed into an archway. To a youthful mind it might have harboured dragons, fairies and goblins. But to the young girl peering out of the car window, it was simply a garden—cold, still and lifeless.

A kitchen curtain ruffled, a face appeared, then was gone. The entranceway door slid back and framed in the doorway a small woman wearing a faded blue smock and apron appeared, all red-cheeks and smiles. The young girl’s mother got out of the car and ran to embrace the old woman. They exchanged greetings then turned around.

‘Chiharu! Come and say hello to your grandmother!’

The car door swung open, the girl got out and walked towards the women. She swung a backpack beside her, dragging its small Totoro figurine in the snow.

‘Who’s this young woman?’ said the old woman. ‘Look how she’s grown! I hardly recognise you from the photos.’ She stepped forward, hugged her, and the small body softened within her embrace.

‘Let me see, you must be nine by now?’ the old woman said.

The girl nodded, smiled shyly.

‘Well come in, come in! Let’s meet your grandfather. He’s been waiting.’

The homestead was warm and dim inside. Kerosene fumes, the aromas of steaming rice and incense fought for air superiority as they moved deeper into the house. Chiharu looked about at the earthen walls, the crooked ceiling beams and the paper sliding doors—so different to her two-bedroom apartment in Tokyo, so quiet and still.

The three of them reached the center of the house and the grandmother slid back a door. Sunlight flooded through the windows and onto the tatami mats of a large living room. The snowbound garden outside seemed otherworldly. In one corner of the room, a sacred alcove held a hanging scroll of a tiger crouching in bamboo; beneath this a set of deer antlers stood with a samurai sword cradled in the horns.

Chiharu’s attention moved to the opposite corner and a purring kerosene heater; a flask of sake bubbling on its mantle. Her gaze was suddenly arrested by a stirring movement at the low table in front of her. She hadn’t noticed the body tucked beneath the futon of the kotatsu. Slowly, it rose and turned.

‘O-tosan,’ her grandmother said, ‘They’re here! It’s Megumi and Chiharu.’

The old man wore a strange leather hat—the kind that Chinese or Russian people wear in winter. Lined with wool, the side flaps curled up like dog ears. The old man’s eyes were watery, his skin ivory-coloured. Though he smiled, he seemed at first not to see them.

The girl’s mother rushed forward to embrace him. They talked in whispers for a short while, her mother tearfully holding his hand, until the grandmother said, ‘And look at Chiharu! The last time you saw her was three years ago, remember?’

The old man turned and studied the girl, and his expression changed, as if something from long again had been suddenly recalled.’

‘Chiharu,’ he said in a raspy croak.

‘Hello Grandpa.’

He motioned her closer, holding out his dry, creased hand until he felt hers, and gripped it.

‘You’re a young woman…’

Chiharu giggled.

‘Would you bring my sake over there?’

‘Don’t be silly!’ said the grandmother. ‘She’ll burn herself.’ The old woman took a cloth from the table, lifted the flask from the heater and carried it to the table.

‘Did you take your medicine?’ Chiharu’s mother asked.

‘This is my medicine,’ he said, fingering the hot flask.

‘How’s your heart?’

‘Still ticking.’

‘Well, just don’t drink too much, alright?’

He nodded, grunting in the affirmative, but winked slyly at Chiharu.

The two women moved to the kitchen, chattering as they prepared refreshments. The old man patted the futon beside him.

‘Sit down here,’ he said.

Chiharu obeyed, tucking her feet into the table’s warm depths beside him.

‘How was your trip?’ he said.

‘Good.’

‘You like Tokyo?’

‘Yes.’

‘You must be an elementary school student now?’

She nodded.

‘You like school?’

‘Yes.’

‘Got a favourite subject?’

‘Science.’

‘I liked science too. When I was young I wanted to be a scientist and build things.’

She said nothing and he leaned closer to her, so that she could smell the land on his body, the sake on his breath.

‘What do you want to be when you get older?’

She smiled shyly.

‘An engineer? A nurse? A dentist, like your mother?

She shook her head.

He reached for his sake cup, an odd-shaped vessel fashioned from brown clay.

‘Would you pour my sake? My hands, they’re a little shaky.’

She lifted the flask, hot beneath her fingers, and poured with precision—not a drop spilled.

‘Well done,’ he smiled, then raised his cup and slurped noisily.

They sat in silence for a while, then she asked, ‘Why do you wear that funny hat?’

‘This?’ He patted the strange headgear. ‘This is the only thing that keeps my head warm in winter.’ He lifted it from his blotchy pink head and placed it on her hers.

‘This is a pilot’s hat,’ he said.

‘I don’t think so,’ she replied.

‘It is, you know. It’s a Japanese Imperial Navy flier’s hat.’

‘Where did you get it?’

‘It’s mine.’

‘It smells funny.’

He chuckled, watching her small fingers explore the creases, the furrows and mysterious lines in the leather, as if tracing routes on an old map. He lifted the sake cup to his lips, drained it, and rose unsteadily to his feet.

‘Toilet,’ he said.

He was gone a long time. From the kitchen Chiharu heard snatches of conversation, words like “divorce” and “separately”, words she’d heard shouted with ferocity between warring parties late at night in their Tokyo apartment. She got up and crossed to a low bookshelf which ran against the wall. Her fingers danced across the volumes of old books, stopped, and plucked one out. She mouthed the title, ‘Taiheiyo Senso.’ She thumbed the soft, worn pages of black and white images and stopped at a double-page spread. For a while she studied the photo carefully: a line of highschool girls waving branches of cherry blossoms at a young pilot readying his plane for take-off on a grass airstrip.

‘Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa.’

His voice startled her. She turned quickly to find him staring down.

‘You know what means?’ he said.

Hayabusa? It’s a bird,’ she said.

‘Good, good! Most kids these days think it’s a motorbike or a bullet train…’

‘It’s the fastest bird in the world.’

‘So it is, so it is. You’re very clever.’

‘You really were a pilot?’

The old man seated himself, pulled the kotatsu futon over his legs and again reached for his sake flask. He poured a cup, spilling droplets on the table, and took a sip. He looked outside at the frozen fields.

‘Yes, I was.’

‘You flew the Hayabusa?’

‘No.’

‘What then?’

‘The best plane Japan ever made—a Zero.’

Chiharu turned back to the book and thumbed the pages, but there were no more images of planes, only photographs of dead men on beaches, dirty-faced children and ruined cities.

‘The book with gold letters, see it?’ He pointed to the top shelf.

Chiharu replaced the book and reached up. It was heavy, but with some effort she laid it on the table in front of him.

‘The Mitsubishi Zero A6M5c.’ He lifted the cover and turned the pages. ‘Fast, light—powerful.’

Chiharu moved closer, peering at the images of a plane so simple in shape and design that it might have been an outline in a child’s sketchbook.

At that moment, the two women returned carrying a tray of cups with a teapot on it, and a wooden bowl filled with rice crackers.

‘What’s that, Chiharu?’ said her mother.

‘O-tosan…’ the grandmother said gravely.

‘She’s interested in planes…’ he said.

‘She’s more interested in birds, aren’t you Chiharu?’ said her mother, setting down the tray and pouring the steaming hojicha into small cups. ‘Problem is, in Tokyo there aren’t many.’

‘Yes there are! There are bulbuls and sparrows and crows…’ said Chiharu.

The grandmother passed her the snacks, ‘Help yourself, Chiharu,’ she said. They took their tea and slurped it noisily.

‘Look!’ said the grandfather. The three women turned to the garden, where a small bird with metallic green plumage and a white ring around its eye flitted among the branches of the plum tree.

‘Know what kind of bird that is?’ said the grandfather.

‘Mejiro,’ Chiharu said.

‘That’s right!’ The old man clapped his hands.

‘Funny, I’ve never seen one in Tokyo,’ said her mother.

‘How did you know that?’ said the grandmother.

‘From the library.’

‘Ah yes…of course. That’s where you spend all your time,’ said her mother.

‘What about sports?’ asked the grandmother. ‘Don’t you play table tennis or badminton with your friends?’

‘I don’t have any.’

‘No friends?’ The grandfather looked incredulous.

Her mother sighed. ‘The neighborhood kids are all too busy with cram schools, ballet, violin lessons—’

‘Hooaka!’ Chiharu cried. The adults turned back to the garden. Sure enough, a second bird, larger with a light brown plumage a black-and-white striped head, had joined the first. For a moment they danced madly, loosening plumes of snow powder from the tree branches, and then were gone.

‘They come down from the mountains looking for insects and farm seeds,’ said the grandfather, slipping a rice cracker into his pocket. ‘Chiharu, let’s take a walk shall we?’

The two women stood at the window watching the old man and the young girl set out across the snow covered field. A small Shinto shrine stood at the base of a forested, snow-dusted mountain in the distance.

‘How is she doing at school?’ asked the grandmother.

‘She’s having a hard time.’

‘Poor thing. Why not move back here? Open a practice downtown. Chiharu can visit us.’

‘Kyoto?’

‘It’s cheaper than Tokyo—and there are lots of birds.’

The girl’s mother sighed, her gaze returning to the two distant figures which now seemed to float on a glistening white plane.

‘Sometimes I wish I was a bird.’

The snow sparkled in the sunlight, mesmerizing the young girl and with each crunching step. She squeezed the old man’s hand and shouted, ‘Wagtail!’, pointing to the shrine up ahead. A persimmon tree grew in its courtyard and about the branches a flittering movement made by a small, bulb-shaped bird with black and white plumage, was visible.

‘You’ve got a good eye,’ he said. ‘Just like a pilot.’

They reached the shrine and entered beneath the torii gate. He pulled a rice cracker from his coat pocket and crumbled it in his hand. He cast the golden crumbs into the air, scattering them over the snow beneath the tree. ‘They’re watching us. You wait, when we’ve gone…’ He looked skyward. Look! A kestrel up there, see?’

Her gaze followed his to a point high over the mountainside where a raptor whirled on the updrafts in slow, graceful arcs.

‘How does it feel to fly, Grandpa?’

‘Free—that’s how it feels.’

‘You were scared?’

‘Oh many times.’

‘Because you might crash?’

‘No.’

‘What then?’

‘Because there were other men up there trying to kill me.’

She looked thoughtful.

‘Come on, let’s go home,’ he said quickly.

‘Aren’t you going to pray at the shrine?’

‘No.’

‘Why not?’

‘I don’t believe in gods.’ He looked back to the sky, but the kestrel had gone. ‘We’ve fed the birds. Now I’m hungry.’

‘Me too,’ she said.

They made a game out of tracing their footsteps back across the snowy field to the house doorstep where they stomped their boots free of snow.

‘Grandpa…’

‘Yes?’

‘Could we build a Zero?’

‘What?’

‘A model plane, like the one you used to fly. We can buy one—I’ll use my New Year’s gift money.’

‘A Zero? Well, I don’t know—’

‘You can help me build it.’

He stood on the threshold, gazing into her face, so filled with innocence and earnestness that it might have been begging for food.

‘No-one’s ever asked me that before,’ he said quietly.

‘I like birds and planes.’

‘So you do,’ he said. ‘So you do.’ He patted her on the head and together they entered the house.

They stood at the bus shelter the next morning, staring out at a world rendered smooth and formless by the night’s fresh flurries. Mountains, like great big sugar loaves, rose on each side, stark white against the January sky. Icicles dripping from the bus shelter eaves; the sound of running snow melt everywhere. They waited in silence, Chiharu in her pink down feather jacket, the old man in a brown woollen coat and scarf knotted beneath his chin. The bus arrived with its snow-chains rattling and clanking, and soon they too, like the other solemn-looking passengers, peered out at the winter wonderland, each lost in their own private world of thought.

‘I don’t think your grandmother was too happy,’ he said.

‘About what?’ she replied.

‘About us going all the way to the city just to buy a plane.’

‘Neither was mum.’ They looked at each other and giggled.

The valleyland grew wider and wider until a large river appeared and townships and factories sprouted along its banks, and then finally the city reared up, all hustle, lights and noise. They got off at Nishinikaimachi Street in the heart of downtown and the old man took Chiharu’s hand, lead her away from the bright and bustling department stores, and into a covered arcade where ‘old Japan’ somehow still lived and breathed; where elderly shopped for fish still fresh from the Japan Sea and tea leaves from northern Kyoto, roasted and packaged while you waited. They stopped to sample mikan oranges from an old woman outside her fruit emporium; he promised to buy some on his return.

At a chestnut roaster’s stand they stopped to ask directions; a little further on, said the man in the white bandanna and flashing a gold tooth. They arrived outside a corner shop whose sign announced in English, ‘Takata Toys and Stationery’. The grandfather set the doorbell jingling. The interior was dim and stuffy, the aisles narrow and cluttered with toys from another era. To Chiharu, it was a museum.

From behind the counter, an elderly woman greeted them, listened to the grandfather’s question, then directed them to an aisle filled with kit models of battleships, tanks and army men. At the very end they found the aircraft.

‘Chiharu, we’re looking for the Mitsubishi Zero A6M5c…can you see it?’

She pulled out boxes at random, examining each, then sliding it back and pulling out another. She turned it into a quest, a game of matching memory—the picture in her grandfather’s book—with the artist’s painted image on each box.

‘Nakajima Ki-84…’ she said, holding a box up to the light.

Hayate,’ the grandfather said. He took it from her and studied the artist’s impression thoughtfully: an aircraft rising from a seaborne carrier, young men waving white caps from its deck against a red dawn sky.

‘Know what Hayate means?’

‘It’s a manga story.’

He laughed. ‘Not in my day it wasn’t. It was a plane. Hayate means ‘fresh breeze’. I flew one at pilot school in Korea. Not as fast as a Zero, but handled well enough.’

‘What about this?’ she said, sliding a second box onto the one he was holding.

‘It’s a Zero alright. But this one’s an A6M3. I flew the A6M5.’

‘This one!’ she said triumphantly, shoving a third box onto the second so that he now had to hold them away from his eyes to focus. Then something changed in his gaze. A tremor passed through his body, causing his hands to rattle the boxes and almost dropping them. His eyes remained fixed on the artist’s impression of two Zero fighters soaring sideways over a mountainous tropical island, an American Liberator bomber tumbling, flaming, into the sea far below.

‘It’s yours, isn’t it?’

‘Yes, yes, it is.’

‘The pilots have the same hat as you.’

‘Yes, they do…’

‘Grandpa, are you okay?’

‘I am. I just remembered something. Something from a long time ago.’

‘We don’t have to buy it, Grandpa…’

‘No. I promised.’ He passed it to her. ‘Let’s get it.’

After they had picked out glue, brushes and a half-dozen small pots of paint, they handed everything to the old woman who set to work on her abacus.

The air outside in the shopping street was frigid. ‘Hungry?’ he asked her. ‘Yes,’ she said, and so they stopped at a dumpling stall and bought six balls of hot battered octopus each, hoisting them into their mouths, and sipping Cokes to cool their burning tongues.

Snow began to fall and as the bus headed back to the valleylands, through the intermittent blizzards, Chiharu dozed against her grandfather; he with his arm around her, his own eyelids growing heavy with the locomotion of the bus as it rejoined the river. The mountains, once again, reared up like great white sugar loaves. At some point the old man’s eyelids flickered and he uttered a murmur, ‘Hellcat on your tail, Ando. Pull up, pull up, you’re too low …’. His face contorted, he lurched awake and screamed, ‘Andoooo!’

He looked about, at Chiharu wide-eyed and staring up at him. The bus driver, who had pulled over, and passengers all watched him curiously. ‘Sir, are you alright?’ the driver asked over the speaker system. The old man took a deep breath and exhaled slowly; he nodded, bowing his head. ‘I’m sorry.’  

At the bus stop, the mother and grandmother were waiting for them. Inside the car their voices comforting, their inquiries soft and quiet. Chiharu looked at her grandfather, who quickly put a finger to his lips.

After dinner they sat at the kotatsu, watching TV. Chiharu took out the box containing the Zero.

‘What’s this?’ her mother said, frowning. ‘I thought you were going to buy an All Nippon Airways jet.’

‘That mightn’t be such a good idea,’ the grandmother chimed in. ‘For a small girl…’

‘The Zero A6M5c’s maximum speed was five hundred and sixty-five kilometres per hour. It could fly to eight thousand metres in nine minutes and fifty-seven seconds,’ said Chiharu. ‘The Americans called it ‘Zeke’…’

The two older women exchanged glances; they turned to the grandfather, who quickly picked up his sake cup and drank it dry.

Later, as Chiharu lay beneath the heavy futon in the guest room nextdoor, she heard her mother speaking in hushed tones to her grandfather. Snatches of conversation that, even if she could not understand, were plainly clear by their tone; words like, ‘psychological trauma’, ‘dark memories’ and ‘unsuitable for a young girl’. And the quiet rebuke of her grandfather, that the child showed a passion for ‘flight and flying machines,’ that he was once a pilot and he understood this better than anyone…But it was her mother who had the last word. ‘I do not want her hearing old war stories—or building machines of war. She’s a nine-year-old girl for goodness sake!’

Chiharu rose the next morning to a house becalmed. Snow fell in steady veils across the fields outside. She found her grandfather seated at the kotatsu, the flaps of his flier’s hat pulled down over his ears and a flask of sake steaming on the kerosene heater. Spread haphazardly over the table in front of him was a thousand-and-one-piece jigsaw puzzle.

‘Where is everyone?’ she asked.

‘Farmers’ market. Shopping for dinner,’ he said.

‘What are you doing?’

‘Building Kinkakuji—The Golden Pavilion. Want to help me?’

‘Why don’t we build the plane?’

‘I don’t think it’s a good idea. Your mother—’

‘We don’t have to tell them.’

Her gaze held his, and there it was again, that intense look of earnestness and determination. It was too much for him to bear. A conspiratorial smile worked to his lips, as he pulled the box from its hiding place under the kotatsu and placed it on the table.

‘Trouble is, my eyesight is bad and my fingers shake. You’re going to have to help me.’

She joined him on a cushion at the table.

‘The A6M5 Zero was the Imperial Navy’s best fighter plane in the Pacific War,’ he said, producing a small pair of scissors.

‘I painted the pieces last night, after everyone had gone to bed,’ he said.

‘What about the plans?’ she asked.

‘Don’t need plans—I know this plane by heart.’

He passed her the scissors.

‘You can cut out the pieces.’

In a short time, the table top was covered with them, and Chiharu looked with uncertainty at her grandfather.

‘I think we need the plans, Grandpa—’

‘Don’t need plans. I used to fly this, remember? Just follow my directions.’

The snow continued to fall silently, surely, across the mountains, fields and valleylands as they commenced, piece by piece, to assemble the aircraft.

‘This is a Nakajima ‘Sakae’ engine. Eleven-hundred horsepower,’ he said, passing her three round silver disks. ‘Thread these onto the propellor shaft,’ he instructed her. Next, he handed her a set of curled silver-coloured pipes. ‘This is the exhaust propulsion system. Gave a top speed of five hundred and sixty-five kilometres per hour…but you know something? I clocked five-eighty-five once over Rabaul in…let’s see now, that was May 1942.’

‘Where’s Rabaul?’

‘In Papua New Guinea. Right above Australia.’

‘You shot someone?’

‘No, no—I was escaping! One of my guns had jammed, the other was out of ammunition’

He picked up two long black-painted gun barrels. ‘The Zero A6M5 had two seven-point-seven millimetre machine guns and two twenty millimetre belt-fed cannons on each wing,’ he said, holding them away from his eyes. He passed them to her, hands shaking. ‘Now glue the holes in the middle of each wing section and insert these.’

‘Did you travel the world, Grandpa?’

‘During the war?’ He chuckled. ‘Oh, no, no. But I saw more than enough of it, let me tell you. When I was seventeen, I went to the Imperial Navy college in Mie prefecture, and after that to Korea for pilot training. Then I joined the Tainan Air Group and we flew in China, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. After that, I was sent to Yap. You know it?’

She shook her head.

‘It’s a tiny island in Micronesia…’

‘In the Pacific Ocean?’

‘It was beautiful…’ A sudden spasm reached his throat. He coughed, harked, took tissue from the holder and wiped his mouth. ‘But war doesn’t care for beautiful things. The Americans were getting closer and I was eventually sent home to defend the country’ He passed her the left and right wheel units. ‘You know where these go, don’t you?’

She nodded, applied glue to the wing cavities and inserted each wheel strut. He continued, ‘Our name was changed to the 251 Air Group and many of us experienced fliers were ordered to train the younger pilots. I went to Kure.

‘Near Hiroshima?’

‘Yes—Don’t forget the antenna, it goes in that tiny hole near the wing tip.

‘Did you shoot down many planes?’ she asked matter-of-factly, while skillfully pushing the black needle into its hole.

‘Yes.’

‘Why?’

‘Because that was my job. I did it because I had to.’

He rose slowly from his cushion and took the steaming flask of sake from the heater’s mantle. He returned to the table and poured his cup full. He raised it to his lips, drops sprinkling the table, until it was dry. He wiped his mouth with the back of his hand and said, ‘You’ve done well. Now attach the wings to the body and we’re almost done.’

‘Is that why you had a bad dream on the bus yesterday?’

He poured another cup of sake and, as if to fortify himself, took a sip.

‘We were fighting for our lives by war’s end. I was an instructor, but I flew with our group because we had only eleven pilots left. Just boys, they were. The Americans were close and our losses were terrible. One day we took off, four of us, heading south for Kyushu and I got engine trouble. I turned back, had the engine fixed, and joined the second four Zeros on the runway. But as we prepared to take off, we were attacked. Corsair fighter planes from an American carrier swooped in over the hills, hit us while we were still on the ground. Ando, the Master Sergeant, was shot down on take off. I survived only because I was last in line. I jumped from my cockpit and ran. My plane was hit right after that.’

‘What about the other pilots?’

‘The first three? They never came back. Everyone else was killed…except me.’

He rose from his cushion.

‘Grandpa, where are you going?’

‘I forgot to give you the most important part of the plane—the pilot.’

He returned carrying an old paulownia wood box which he placed on the table. Then he opened it and drew out a folded piece of red and white cloth. Chiharu watched curiously as he spread it across the table.

‘Hinomaru,’ she said quietly, eyeing the old flag. It was covered in the names of men.

‘Those are all the pilots in my group. Fifty-five men. They’re all gone now…’

‘What do you mean?’

‘I’m the only one still alive.’

He took from the box another item—a wristwatch.

‘This is my flier’s watch. It’s a Seikosha. I think it still works. Let’s see…’ He twisted the crown several times and the second-hand leaped forward. ‘It does!’ he said and passed it to her. ‘This is for you. For helping me build the plane.’

‘But you were helping me,’ she said with wide eyes.

‘Oh no!’ he said looking beyond her, out the window. ‘Here they come!’ She followed his gaze, and in the distance, spied the small Toyota now making its way up the long driveway towards the house. ‘Hurry, put everything in the box. We’ll hide it under the kotatsu.’

‘But where’s the pilot?’ she said quickly.

‘Oh, I almost forgot. Here,’ he said. He pulled from his pocket a small figurine and placed it in the palm of her hand. She stared at it, and said. ‘But why did you paint him with a pink jacket?’

‘Because it’s not a ‘him’, it’s you.’ He smiled. ‘Now hurry up, put it in the box before they see.’

She obeyed, and together they quickly cleared the table.

When her mother and grandmother appeared, they were still huffing and puffing from  the weight of the fresh produce boxes they had brought into the kitchen. Sliding back the door to the living room, their expressions turned to surprise.

‘What’s this? All this time and you haven’t even started the jigsaw puzzle?’ said her mother. ‘What have you two been doing?’

‘Just talking,’ Chiharu said.

‘About what?’

‘Flying.’

The grandfather turned back to the window and gazed out at the sunlight now casting through the snow clouds directly onto the roof of the Shinto shrine. It looked almost heavenly.

A shrill scream split the dawn.

Chiharu listened to the sound of hurried steps, moving between rooms, and then the grandmother’s voice into the kitchen telephone, requesting an ambulance.

He had died during the night. Of heart failure, said the doctor—but peacefully. There was nothing that could have been done. What had seemed strange to them all was the paulownia wood box which had been placed at the foot of Chiharu’s futon. Inside, a note written in his hand read,

To Chiharu,

May your spirit soaralways.

Your Grandpa.

Only after the ambulance had pulled away and begun its descent of the valley road, did the mother and grandmother notice her missing. They hurried inside, calling her name, but there came no answer. Then, through the lounge window, they glimpsed a small figure wearing a flyer’s hat and scurrying across the white field. Tied about its neck like a cape, a piece of red and white cloth billowed. Its hand, raised high into the freezing air, held in it what looked like a small airplane.

‘Captain, are you alright?’ The voice sounded beside her. Chiharu Kobayashi jerked upright, still clutching her coffee cup. She looked up at the Third Officer.

‘Yes, yes, I’m quite alright,’ she said, wiping the tears away with her hand.

‘May I take your cup?’ he asked.

She thanked him, then turned back to her console to confirm that all was well with the Spirit of Kyoto. With the altocumulous far below them, the morning sky stretched blue and unfathomable ahead of her. She drew back the cuff of her shirt and examined the old Zero flier’s watch.

It was still ticking.

 

About the Author:

cover

Simon Rowe’s stories have appeared in TIME (Asia) magazine, the New York Times, the Australian, the South China Morning Post and the Paris Review. He is author of Good Night Papa: Short Stories from Japan and Elsewhere.

The Un-Well, by Richard Donovan

book cover Pin Ball

A story in the style of Murakami Haruki and his English translators

One late-autumn Sunday morning when I set out into the back garden wielding the hedge trimmers, I found the well was gone. It wasn’t that I’d particularly liked the well when it had been there—it hadn’t provided us with delicious ice-cold water in the summer months, or even simply glistened mysteriously down at its waterline and amused us with the occasional decorous plopping sound à la Bashō. It hadn’t because it was clogged with sludgy black algae all year round. The stone blocks encircling its mouth were not especially well placed, and a few were coming loose, like an old man’s dental work.

So it was not a romantic well by any stretch of the imagination. But still, it was a little disconcerting to look out past the unkempt hydrangea bushes and notice a blank field of moss where the well had been until yesterday.

Great, I thought. This didn’t bode well for the day.

To my mind, it’s harder to lose a well than, say, a pot, a cat or a person. As we learned in first-year quantum physics, all things are twinned with their opposite—an un-thing, if you will—that is their absence. If the big iron pot you got from your uncle as a wedding present isn’t in the cupboard when you go to make spaghetti, it can be annoying, but it isn’t going to upend your world. It’ll turn up soon enough, you think: my wife must have put it somewhere else. I shall make do with the saucepan. And even if you never see it again, it’s no great loss. If you squint hard enough, after a while you’ll see the un-pot fill the space where the pot had been, like a dully shiny shadow.

Or if one morning the cat (which turned up last winter and wouldn’t leave) isn’t yowling for his breakfast of sardines, you just shrug and chalk it up to happenchance. Even if the cat still hasn’t returned a week later, sure, you’ll be sad, maybe even start reminiscing about the time Nobuta Wata’ame—that was what we named the cat—brought fleas into the house and you scratched yourselves raw for a week. But eventually you’ll just accept the un-Nobuta that has slipped in on fuzzy un-paws to replace him.

Even a missing person isn’t as big a deal as a missing well. I mean, the set phrase ‘missing person’ says it all. It embodies a kind of expectation that people go missing from time to time. Sure, if it’s someone you care about, like a life partner or your kid, then you’ll probably go crazy for a while and spend your evenings driving around town looking for them on street corners, posting plaintive but concise appeals in the local paper, that sort of thing. You’ll also certainly have filed the missing-persons report with the police after a couple of days of hosting the un-person in your home, when you’ve had enough of watching them twiddling their un-thumbs and looking through you. But even if you never see the original person again, their absence is quite within the realms of possibility in this world of ours. In short, it’s simply a given that things and people go missing from time to time and are replaced by their un-counterparts.

But the problem with a well is that its absence inescapably means the presence of something else—and not just its un-well. After all, a well is essentially a vertical tunnel, a space in the rock through which fluids like water and air can pass freely. (Since I learned it in science class in seventh grade, I’ve always been amazed that air is classified as a fluid. To me, it just seems too floaty for that: almost as if air is the un-thumb-twiddling stand-in for water.)

Anyhow, to put it another way, a well is defined by the absence of what surrounds it. Take that absence away, and ipso facto the well itself disappears. (Now I’m sounding more like a lawyer than a scientist. I guess that’s the kind of phrase you pick up from a decade of copy editing for a small translation agency—just about everything has crossed my desk over the years, apart from documents relating to the removal of a well.)

I know what you’re thinking: hadn’t someone simply filled the well in while I’d been out—maybe a DIY neighbour with a grudge, a deranged construction worker on his day off, or someone drunk in charge of a cement mixer? More likely, had my wife got fed up with the gungy, stinky well and commissioned someone to seal it over once and for all? She’d never thought much of the backyard well, having wanted to ditch it along with the rotten wooden cladding and skew-tiled roof of the old house that had stood where our new place was.

But no—I sensed immediately that there wasn’t going to be such a mundane explanation as a well-filling. For a start, the moss of the garden now unbrokenly spanned the once-holey ground. It looked quite at home, as if it had sat there for as long as the average temple garden in Kyoto. Even if someone had capped some surreptitious well-removal (a.k.a. fill-in) work with perfectly aligned moss-encrusted topsoil, it would inevitably have looked different from the moss around it. At the very least, there would have been some sort of edge, be it square or circular, like the ringworm brand my hand had picked up from the cat in spring. But this moss was as smooth and unperturbed as a crystalline pool on a particularly calm day in the middle of some ancient forest known for its lack of wind. If I hadn’t known better, I would have assumed there had never been a well there in the first place.

I abandoned the hydrangeas and ran my hands over the mossy surface. It was spongy to the touch and still slightly damp from the late-afternoon showers the previous day. Its green was slightly mottled here and there, but overall the colour of a well-tended baseball field in the off season. This moss hadn’t been anywhere else recently, and wasn’t going anywhere in a hurry.

I lay down on the mossy carpet and pressed my ear to the spot where the well had been. At first the only sound was the blood pumping through my ears and the slightly accusatory shuck-shucking of the dry branches around me that I was supposed to be pruning back. But after a few minutes of lying there, the gentle sunlight bathing my left cheek like a golden retriever’s tongue, I seemed to hear a piano playing under the ground. My neighbour was a Glenn Gould fanatic, it was true, but I knew that he was away at a conference in Newcastle (the UK, not Australia), so it couldn’t have been his stereo resounding. None of my other neighbours had the sonic firepower to penetrate the depths of the earth.

I was probably just hearing things, I told myself, but it didn’t alter the fact that our backyard well was definitively gone.

The querulous look in my wife’s eyes when I nonchalantly quizzed her about it on her return (she was a middle-ranking officer in the Tokyo municipality who had little time to devote to the un-well) was sufficient information for me to gauge that she had no knowledge of what had happened. She seemed mildly bemused as she expertly dissected her butter-fried smelt with chopsticks over dinner, but not concerned enough to go out and look. “Anyway, thank you for filling me in,” she murmured.

The following Tuesday, when, hedge clippers in hand again, I finally went out to deal with the desiccated hydrangeas, they had vanished, and the well was back. It was like it had never not been there—the gap-toothed stones gummed up in black algae.

And then the denizens of the well began to emerge from it.

The first girl I’d liked in high school but abruptly ditched—still wearing the same skimpy bra that exposed the sheep-shaped birthmark on her left breast and the unicorn-shaped birthmark on her right breast that had stolen the thunder from her nipples and sent me running from her bedroom—hoisted herself over the edge and sat there dazed for a moment before exiting the premises via the front door, her head held high. Nobuta the cat leapt up over the edge and immediately disappeared again into the azalea bushes. The antique pewter pencil sharpener that had been a present from my grandmother and that I’d dropped through a gap in the tatami in our family home in a fit of pique when I was twelve rolled itself up over the lip of the well and plopped among the surrounding moss, giving a slight wheeze. A poor aunt of mine who I’d made fun of when she hadn’t made it to last year’s big family wedding—here she was scrabbling out of the well and looking brassed off about it, too. The desiccated hydrangeas I’d neglected in favour of scouting out the un-well susurrated like a pair of maracas as they cleared the top of the well and flounced off.

Even my sense of self-worth was there: I’d lost it almost three years to the day after I’d started the copy-editing job when I’d been asked to compose romantic waka for Little Ladies’ Weekly on the side. It was invisible, of course, but I caught it wafting up over the wonky stone edge in a burst of the pine-scented confidence I’d briefly experienced in my mid-twenties.

Finally, a baby grand piano rose majestically from the well like a buoyant wooden dolphin and rolled away on its castors, leaving three parallel indentations in the moss. I recognized it immediately as the piano I’d practised on at home for a few brief months in junior high before renouncing the musical arts forever. The piano had been shipped away into obscurity soon after. Now Bach’s Prelude No. 1 played across its keys—that had been what I’d heard when I’d put my ear to the moss and plumbed the subterranean depths!

Just then it struck me—I was the un-me to them. All those people I’d rejected and put behind me for no good reason, all those things I’d lost: they had been building up in the un-well in our garden these past couple of days, and now they were parading past me as if I didn’t exist. Because from their perspective, I didn’t. It was the rejectees’ revenge, I suppose.

I’m not a translator, but I’ve associated with translators, and edited their prose. So over the years I’ve observed something basic about the act of translating—you either do it or you don’t. Let me explain. Say there’s a word or an idea in the original language that simply doesn’t exist in the other language. Let’s choose ‘sushi’. Sure, sushi exists in English now, but when Edward Seidensticker translated Tanizaki’s Makioka Sisters in the late 1950s, Americans didn’t know what sushi was. So he put an asterisk next to the word sushi and explained the meaning in a footnote. A few years later, people started translating sushi as sushi, italicising it to show that it was a foreign borrowing. And now no-one even bothers italicising sushi, because everyone knows what it means.

But sushi is still sushi. It wasn’t translated into another language. It’s left as an artifact of Japanese in other languages, like the fossil of a deep-sea fish found high up in a mountain millions of years after the ocean drained away. (I have no idea if deep-sea fish make good sushi, but I can guarantee this one would be hard on the teeth.)

Anyway, when you translate, you either keep the original term, which is un-translation, or you substitute another term. And if you substitute, you change. Translation is all about change. You may kid yourself that you’re being faithful to the original, but the only way to do that is to write down exactly the same words as the original in the same order. And I can guarantee you, the new publisher isn’t going to be moved by such fidelity: “I could’ve got a monkey to copy that,” he’d say, with some justification.

What I realised is that for my entire adult life, I’d been keeping all the original terms on the page. Nothing had changed. It was no wonder my rejectees had banded together in the un-well and then en masse rejected me.

The next day, I gave notice at the translation agency. The boss was mildly concerned, but wished me the best. I had no idea what I was going to do with myself next, but the one thing I did know is that it would be the real me turning up to do it.

By the way, my neighbour changed his musical tastes after Newcastle, too. It was out with Glenn Gould, and in with Herbie Hancock. Well, well.

Richard is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Letters at Kansai University, Osaka. He has a PhD in Literary Translation Studies from Victoria University of Wellington, and lectures on translation studies and English literature. His translation of Hayami Shun’s short story “Shinkun no kakejiku,” translated as “Ieyasu’s Scroll,” will be published by Kurodahan Press in 2019 in a contemporary anthology of samurai tales entitled Strokes of Brush and Blade. His book Translating Modern Japanese Literature was published in 2019 is about translation stylistics and consists of his translations and analyses of out-of-copyright Japanese literary works by major authors. Richard feels lucky to live in Kyoto with his wife Mika and daughter Milly.

Cathy Hirano on Fantasy in Japanese Literature

By Cathy Hirano

Nahoko Uehashi is a prolific and well-loved Japanese author of fantasy as well as non-fiction. The list of awards she has won is impressive and includes the 2014 Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award, considered the Nobel Prize of children’s literature. During her writing career, which extends over three decades, she produced the 12-volume Moribito series, the 4-volume Beast Player series and The Deer King, a 2-volume epic encompassing more than 1,000 pages. Amazingly, through much of that period, she was also working as a full-time professor of cultural anthropology. Although most of her fantasies tend to be classified as children’s and young adult literature, a look at publisher surveys shows her readership spans all ages. Seventy percent of those who purchase her million-sellers range in age from their 30s into their 60s, with a particularly high concentration among women in their 30s and 40s. Her fan base includes elementary school students and seniors. While some adults are certainly buying the books for children, many are reading them for their own entertainment.

 

Authors of contemporary Japanese fantasy, including Uehashi, were nurtured by a very rich body of translated (into Japanese) fantasy literature, including such classics as Lord of the Rings and the Narnia books. But Japan also has its own rich heritage of myths, folktales and literature on which to draw. Blending the real and the fantastic, these stories feature gods and goddesses, monster-vanquishing heroes, and strange, supernatural creatures known as yokai. This foundation is clearly reflected in manga and anime culture, which is now so popular in the West. Hayao Miyazaki’s Spirited Away, and such anime series as Naruto, Inuyasha and Yokai Watch are good examples. Uehashi herself attributes her lifelong love for stories to the folktales she heard at her grandmother’s knee as a child.

I think the broad appeal of Uehashi’s work lies in her ability to create worlds so authentic that they seem completely real. In addition, her complex and riveting plots, and believable characters are intriguing. Her exploration of universal themes, particularly the human fascination with “the other” lie at the bottom of much of her fantasy. As a translator and as someone living outside the culture in which I was raised, this theme of the other really resonates with me.

Her extensive knowledge and deep understanding of different cultures developed through her career as a cultural anthropologist gives her works a unique edge, enabling her to paint in rich detail not only the cultures, lifestyles and customs of the peoples she creates, but also their political systems, social values and religious beliefs. In fact, her descriptions of food are so enticing that a group of cooks got together to recreate the dishes described in all of her stories and published them as a cookbook.

At the same time, she leaves a lot to the imagination. For example, in The Beast Player, while the behavior of the Royal Beasts’ eating and mating habits are described in quite a bit of detail, their appearance is not. As a reader, this wasn’t a problem because I could picture them in my mind but when I went to translate the book, I found I didn’t know if they had four legs or two. And I had to look at the anime, for which Uehashi approved the portrayal, in order to make sure.

Uehashi’s works have influenced creators in other genres, such as in anime and film. She is collaborative in her approach and has an intense respect for, and understanding of, what it takes to translate a work into another language or medium. She is clear on what parts cannot be compromised in order to retain the integrity of the original work yet flexible on those parts that need to change to bridge the gap.

Other Popular Fantasy Authors

According to Otona no fantaji dokubon, a book that introduces  fantasies published in Japan that can be enjoyed by adults as well as younger readers, the following authors (in addition to Uehashi) have had at least one of their fantasy works published in English: Noriko Ogiwara (Dragon Sword and Wind Child, Mirror Sword and Shadow Prince), Eiko Kadono (Kiki’s Delivery Service), winner of the 2018 Hans Christian Andersen Award, Miyuki Miyabe (Brave Story, The Book of Heroes), Fuyumi Ono (The Twelve Kingdoms series), Tomiko Inui (The Secret of the Blue Glass) and Naoko Awa (The Fox’s Window and Other Stories).

However, Otona no fantaji dokubon also indicates there are many Japanese fantasy authors that have yet to be discovered by the English-language world. That’s not so surprising considering the low percentage of Japanese books published in English.

Some award-winning not yet translated Japanese fantasies and their authors include Sachiko Kashiwaba’s Kiri no muko no fushigi na machi (The Marvelous Village Veiled in Mist) which inspired the Studio Ghibli film Spirited Away, Riku Onda’s Tokono Monogatari (Tales of the Tokono), Jun Okada’s Nifunkan no boken (Two-Minute Adventure), and Kaho Nashiki’s Uraniwa (Back Yard). Some more recent fantasy authors are Tomoko Inuishi (Yoru no shahonshi: Scribe of Sorcery) and Chisato Abe (Karasu ni hitoe wa niawanai: Unlined Kimono Don’t Suit Crows).

See Nahoko Uehashi’s English website.

The author would like to thank Yumiko Kotake, Ritsuko Sanbe and the Yamaneko Honyaku Club for helping with this article.

About Cathy Hirano: Cathy lives in Shikoku, Japan and has translated a variety of fiction and non-fiction books including best-selling authors Nahoko Uehashi and Marie Kondo.

 

Review—Cake Tree in the Ruins

NEW RELEASE! Moving stories that tell of the absurd violence of war, and tenderly depict the animals and children caught in its vortex.

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The Cake Tree in the Ruins, by Akiyuki Nosaka (Transl. Ginny Tapley Takemori)

Pushkin Press (Nov. 13, 2018)

Reviewed by Suzanne Kamata

As an American reader, conditioned to expect happily-ever-after endings, or at least those in which justice is served, I found this to be an odd and disturbing book. From the titles of stories such as “The Whale That Fell in Love with a Submarine,” “The Mother That Turned into a Kite,” and “A Balloon in August,” one might expect whimsy or fantasy. While they do contain a bit of whimsy, these tales, rendered in highly readable English by translator Ginny Tapley Takemori, are not easily categorized.

Although the story about the whale, “a complete flop with the ladies,” and his quest for a mate starts out sweetly, we discover that the submarine he falls in love with is actually preparing for a suicide attack on the American fleet. In “The Mother That Turned into a Kite,” a woman tries to protect her son from flames caused by incendiary bombs by smearing him with her bodily fluids – first, sweat, then tears, and breastmilk. Finally, devoid of moisture, she becomes flat and floats away. “A Balloon in August” features a group of unnamed, undistinguished Japanese children who are tasked with making hot air balloons out of paper made from mulberry trees, and glue made from konnyaku paste. The balloons are then used to convey incendiary bombs to America.

Many of the stories feature animals, which might lead one to believe that these are lighthearted children’s tales. While Nosaka did write with children in mind, American parents accustomed to Disney finales would probably be surprised at how these stories turn out. Spoiler alert: almost every main character, child and animal alike, dies in the end.

Perhaps this should not come as a surprise. As Nosaka writes in “The Elephant and Its Keeper,” “Too many undernourished people and animals appear in these stories, I know, but it was wartime, after all.” Each story is dated August 15, 1945, the date on which Emperor Hirohito gave a radio address announcing the surrender of Japan to the Allied forces. As noted at the beginning of the book, since 1982, August 15 has also been known as “The day for mourning of war dead and praying for peace.” War is sad and tragic, Nosaka seems to be reminding us. There is no way to sugarcoat the reality of it, and it would be wrong to do so.

Nevertheless, there are moments of grace, however fleeting. A starving she-wolf thinks of eating a little girl, but after discovering that she has been abandoned by her mother, gives her a ride on her back instead. A zookeeper ignores orders to kill an elephant, and escapes with it into the hills. A solider on a beach hallucinates a happy trip under the sea.

In her book On the Bullet Train with Emily Bronte, scholar and author Judith Pascoe writes of a conversation with Japanese author Minae Mizumura in which the latter opines about “American editors’ intolerance for anything that might be strange or off-putting to readers.” According to Mizumura, when reading works in translation, “Japanese readers are aware of the oddity of what they are reading, but undeterred by this awareness.” Pascoe writes, “I thought about Japanese readers down-shifting as they confronted the first pages of foreign literary works, while American readers insisted on a smooth frictionless reading experience, unhappy with any grinding between gears.” Reading in translation is akin, then, to traveling to a foreign country. Both can be unsettling, even jarring, but ultimately broaden our horizons if we remain open to the experience.

While The Cake Tree in the Ruins might seem confounding at first, it is a haunting and unforgettable collection, worthwhile for readers of many ages.

Read an excerpt of Cake Tree in the Ruins here.

About the Reviewer: Suzanne Kamata is an American, but she has lived in Shikoku for over half of her life. Her books include The Broken Bridge: Fiction from Expatriates in Literary Japan (Stone Bridge Press, 1997) the award-winning short story collection  The Beautiful One Has Come (Wyatt-Mackenzie Publishing, 2011) and novel Gadget Girl: The Art of Being Invisible (GemmaMedia, 2013), which was named a book of Outstanding Merit by Bank Street College. She is an associate professor of English at Naruto University of Education. For more info, visit http://www.suzannekamata.com.  

About the Author: Akiyuki Nosaka (1930 – 2015) won the Naoki Prize in 1967 for his stories Grave of the Fireflies and American Hijiki (included in the Penguin Book of Japanese Short Stories).

Podcasts

BOA Podcast 3: Juliet Winters Carpenter talks about translating Japanese Literature

In this episode of the Books on Asia podcast, Amy meets up with Juliet Winters Carpenter to talk about her 70 or so translated works of Japanese literature including Shion Miura’s The Great Passage, Minae Mizumura’s A True Novel, Shiba Ryōtaro’s Clouds Above the Hill, Jun’ichiro Saga’s Memories of Wind and Waves, and Abe Kōbō’s Secret Rendezvous. (more…)

Ginny Tapley Takemori on translating Convenience Store Woman

Convenience Store Woman was originally published as Conbini ningen (Bungeishunju Ltd., Tokyo, 2016)

Ginny Tapley Takemori talks with Books on Asia about translating “Convenience Store Woman,” for the English audience

Books on Asia: Convenience Store Woman challenges us to reconsider how we should define a “normal person” in modern society and prods us to accept people who may be different from our own ideal of what is “normal” or even acceptable. In some ways, Japan seems a more traditional society from the US or UK when it comes to marriage, family and a good job being universal and absolute norms.

Takemori: I think the pressures on individuals to get married, have a career and so forth, are very present in other countries too, although perhaps not quite to the same extent—or in the same way—that they are in Japan. In this respect the central issues in the book are universally understandable and I didn’t really have to work hard to bring those across. Of course the multi-faceted convenience store is a very Japanese phenomenon, so I did have to actively work to bring it alive in the imagination of readers who have never experienced it—but really, Murata’s descriptions are so detailed that most of the time the original speaks for itself.

BOA: What kind of cultural sensitivities (regarding mental health, for example) did you have to consider when translating the story into English? One Books on Asia reader questioned whether Keiko is perhaps autistic. Is this something that was addressed in the original? Do you think it even matters?

Takemori: I think Murata wanted to create a character who was absolutely logical in her approach to life, utterly non-emotional, non-judgmental, and lacking in what society as a whole would call common sense, as a way to examine what society generally thinks of as “normal.” Through Keiko’s hyperlogical perspective, we can see how illogical and rather odd “normality” actually is. However, all readers will bring their own life view and experience to their reading of a book. Perhaps you can say it’s a kind of reverse cultural sensitivity, which in itself is quite interesting. I would hope, though, that giving a label to Keiko’s “abnormality” doesn’t detract from the novel’s main purpose of highlighting how very strange “normal” actually is.

BOA: One of the things a couple of BOA readers have mentioned about the book is how short it is. I don’t know how many pages it is but my Kindle told me I could read it in 3 hours. One BOA reader even felt the book was too short and that the author could have spent more time explaining some of the issues.

UK edition published by Portobello

Takemori: It is on the short side, only around 150 pages in the original Japanese and 160 pages in the English. Perhaps you could say it is more a novella than a novel, although it was published originally as a novel in Japan (the hardcover edition alone sold over 600,000 copies). I don’t think there are such rigid criteria in Japanese publishing, and you often get very short novels. For the English edition of Convenience Store Woman there had been an idea of possibly publishing it together with some short stories, but when the editor read the full translation he decided it was strong enough to work in a standalone edition, which I think was absolutely the best decision, and true to the original.

BOA: Yes, and we have novellas in the English world as well. Come to think of it, “The Perks of Being a Wall Flower,” a coming-of-age novel by Stephen Chbosky, is extremely short, but seems to be just enough. There is also the keitai shosetsu short novel in Japan. Can you explain this genre?

Takemori:The keitai shosetsu genre is where authors (usually hiding their identity behind a pen name) write installments of a novel on their cell phone and send them out directly to a subscription mailing list via email, SMS or website. I’m not sure to what extent Murata may have been influenced by the trend, any more than other young novelists writing in Japan today, but I can say that she is a superb literary author, a master of the short-story, and is a well-established novelist (most of her novels are a more conventional length of around 250 pages).

BOA: Being British, did you translate into British English or American English? Personally, I wish American publishers wouldn’t change British English spelling and references because I feel that part of the fun of reading is discovering differences in language. I am curious if Grove Press changed any of the English to account for the American version?

Takemori: I aim for a literary language that is neither particularly British nor American, although of course there will be some influence depending on who I’m translating for. I translated this for Grove Press, an American publisher, and so it is nominally in American English. They changed very little of my translation beyond normal editing. There are peculiarities of phrase such as “Thank you for your custom” but my intention here and elsewhere was to create a formulaic-sounding language to roughly approximate the manual-dictated customer service language (baito keigo as it’s known in Japanese) in which there is really no equivalent for in English. It shouldn’t sound too natural! That said, yes, I do find it a bit sad that American publishers generally change British English to cater to their readers. British publishers rarely do this, and UK readers are quite accustomed to handling all types of English from around the world, which I feel adds to the richness of the reading experience.

BOA: Several themes in the book should make us pause for further thought. The convenience store provides a safe, predictable place, an environment which allows certain people to thrive in a more facile job. Such people might not appreciate the lack of a routine or the unpredictability of a job in a more challenging work environment. “The convenience store is a normalized environment” is brought up a few times by Keiko, the main character. She takes comfort that as long as you wear the uniform and repeat the set phrases, customers will see you as “staff” and won’t ask you any questions beyond where a certain product is shelved. In addition, as “staff” you only have to suggest the special of the day. Even two of the long-term customers comment that “This place doesn’t really change, does it?”

US hardcover by Grove Atlantic

Takemori: In Japan, working in a convenience store is seen as a very temporary job filled by students and housewives. There is a manual to dictate every work function and phrases to use with customers, and this is practiced daily at the start of every shift—and is necessary to ensure continuity for an ever fluid workforce. But for Keiko, it functions like a manual for life generally. She is unable to function outside that predictable environment, and even finds comfort in the routine and satisfaction in doing the job to perfection.

BOA: The convenience store also allows someone like Shiraha, the new employee, to fulfill his desire to “just breathe without anyone interfering in my life.” But even he doesn’t really fit the convenience store mold, revealing how contradictory we humans are, if indeed we are even human.

Takemori: Shiraha is an outsider too, but there is a fundamental difference between him and Keiko: Keiko doesn’t resent society, she wants to fit in but doesn’t know how, whereas Shiraha probably could fit in but doesn’t want to, and resents the pressure on him—whether in the store or anywhere else. His response to this is to retreat and hide from society, but this won’t work for Keiko—in fact, when she loses the predictable environment of the store, she is left rudderless and falls apart.

BOA: Yes, I felt that she had lost her ikigae (reason for being) once she gave up her job. And I guess many of us feel that way when we lose or give up a job, no matter what kind of job it is. Many people really struggle to adjust to not having a job when they retire at an advanced age, for example. So maybe Keiko is actually normal.

Takemori: What I find so brilliant about this book is how Murata has, through Keiko’s uncritical, unresentful, uncomprehending but well-meaning gaze, shone a light onto how society works and how utterly strange it actually is. I think this is something not limited to Japan, but is quite universal really, and we would all do well to examine what we take for granted as “normal.”

Ginny Tapley Takemori lives in rural Japan and has translated fiction by more than a dozen early modern and contemporary Japanese writers, from bestsellers Ryu Murakami and Kyotaro Nishimura to literary greats Izumi Kyoka and Okamoto Kido. Her most recent book publications include Earthlings (Oct. 2020) by Sakaka Murata,  The Little House by Kyoko Nakajima, (2019) Miyuki Miyabe’s five-volume Puppet Master and Tomiko Inui’s The Secret of the Blue Glass, shortlisted for the Marsh Award, and her short fiction translations have appeared in Granta, Freeman’s, Words Without Borders, and a number of anthologies. Her translation of Sayaka Murata’s Akutagawa Prize-winning novel Convenience Store Woman was named by New Yorker magazine as one of the best books of 2018.

Exploring the ‘My Year in Japan’ novel

By Amy Chavez

So many books are published each year about someone’s year abroad in Japan that it has fostered its own genre called the “My Year in Japan” novel. Basically, a Westerner spends a year here (Japan), returns to their home country, and writes a book about this “weird country” that proceeds to get picked up by a major publisher. Unfortunately, too many of these books slide into the perilous territory of over-generalization, cultural mistranslation and even self-righteousness. In some ways it’s inevitable: after all, how much can one know about a country in just one year?

If well done, however, this genre can be a real eye-opener and offer intriguing glimpses into a different culture with disparate values, and such books can prove to be an extremely worthwhile read.

But most My Year in Japan books fall into the former category, making shallow conclusions based on limited knowledge of the culture. Oft-times the author has followed a spouse here and thus lacks a support network (friends), a structure to fit into (a job) or anyone to guide them through the cultural maze (colleagues or a boss). Japan can quickly become an object of loathing, an impediment to their dreams, something hurled at them undeservedly.

Many would agree that such books risk misrepresenting the host culture. More often than not, unhappiness on the part of the author is blamed on the host country rather than the author’s own inability to adapt. Coming to Japan (a privilege in itself) inevitably forces us to confront things we never imagined: our own value systems and even the very definition of happiness.

The most successful books remain true to both the author’s time abroad and to Japan itself. I’d venture to say that the best nonfiction books of this type don’t center around the author as much as the complexities of the host nation. Here are just a few of the best books in My Year in Japan genre, penned by writers who spent a limited amount of time here.

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In On the Bullet Train with Emily Brontë, Judith Pascoe fills her year in Japan with interviews and sleuthing to gauge the effect of English author Emily Brontë on Japanese culture. Her exploits delve into Japan’s eccentricity, absurdity and its flair for pastiche, while exposing the literary side of a country deep into anime and “boys love” manga.

Less introspective but equally satisfying is Florent Chavouet’s Manabeshima Island Japan, about his two months living on a small island in the Seto Inland Sea. Primarily an artist, Chavouet uses drawings more than words to convey the people and the inner secrets of a population of 250.

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Bruce Feiler, in his book Learning to Bow, charts his year as a teacher in the JET Programme, introducing Japanese culture along the way.

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For a more acerbic take on the good, the bad and the ugly of Japan, Will Ferguson’s Hitching Rides with Buddha offers a scrupulous view of the country, while never holding it to any preconceived standard. This brutally honest exposé traces Ferguson’s trip hitchhiking across the archipelago following the movement of the cherry blossoms from the southernmost point in Kyushu to the northernmost point in Hokkaido. But in fact, there isn’t a whole lot of sakura in the book -— it’s more about the compelling characters he meets and his unanticipated experiences. Even though his trip was only mere weeks (the length of blossom season), he had several years of living in Japan to draw upon, resulting in a sagacious portrayal of a complex country.

By pursuing a greater goal than themselves, these authors allow the culture to speak for itself. They’re not afraid to allow the country to simultaneously dazzle and befuddle them, whether they actually like or agree with certain aspects of it or not. They understand that to interpret a culture risks misinterpreting it.

The question is, then, why aren’t there more books like these? Why don’t publishers seek out more “qualified” writers to pen stories that give a clearer, more in-depth picture with candor? After all, Japan requires a higher-than-average social IQ. Anything less is a bull in a china shop. Why not leave it to the experts rather than the amateurs?

I asked a couple of publishers this question, and this is what I found out.

It turns out that the “My Year in Japan” genre is a fascinating one to armchair travelers, according to one publisher. The outsider, the fish out of water, the eternal struggle to fit in are enduring themes. At the same time, the armchair traveler yearns for worlds far removed from his own that are by nature inaccessible to him (because of jobs, family, distance — reality).

The second publisher went even further. “Most American readers don’t care about how Japan ‘really’ is,” said Peter Goodman of Stone Bridge Press. “American ‘Japan fans’ still respond to superficial allure: pop culture, singing toilets, crazy inventions and absurdly uniform levels of public politeness and behavior. Most readers don’t want to know what it’s really like. They will get bored and restless if you try to give them too much detail.”

In other words, they want beach reads.

I’d go yet further and say that many people don’t want to be challenged with the truth that what they learned growing up isn’t necessarily a universal right or belief. The person who comes to Japan for a year returns to their country. The long-term expat does not. The one-year resident parries the deeper questions of existence by returning to common ground.

In addition, the armchair traveler needs the reassurance that his country is where he belongs, and nowhere else. It’s not how well the author grasps the culture or country she is writing about, it’s more about the fact that she was brave enough to venture abroad at all.

And herein lies the gulf. Long-term expats, imbued with cultural acumen and a concern for accuracy, are survivors. They want to read about characters who persevere and overcome the inevitable hardships all ex-pats encounter. On the other hand, those whose suffering becomes so central to their being that they fail to rise to the challenge and embrace the complexities of the new culture, are unappealing. “Lifers,” the moniker for long-term ex-pats, have little sympathy for the spoiled child who can’t accept the way things are in a foreign country. Likewise, authors mired in admonitions of how they think things should be (inevitably, more like the country they come from), represent unwavering self-righteousness.

In addition, Western expats are in a sense traitors who have left behind countries made great by their forefathers who fought so hard to protect them.

At the end of Will Ferguson’s hitchhike across Japan, he comes to the end of his journey in Hokkaido both physically and metaphorically. He realizes that after so many years, he is finally ready to leave Japan. This is brilliant, because he does what everyone thinks he should do: go home to where he belongs.

This article previously appeared in The Japan Times on Sept. 23, 2018

Podcasts

BOA Podcast 2: Judith Pascoe on Wuthering Heights

In this episode of the Books on Asia Podcast, Amy talks with Dr. Judith Pascoe in her office on the campus of Florida State University while a Brontëesque storm rages outside their window. Pascoe discusses aspects of her book On the Bullet Train with Emily Brontë: Wuthering Heights in Japan, and even offers up some unique Japanese language learning tips.

You’ll find her book, as well as others discussed in the podcast in Issue 2 of the Books on Asia website.

Sean Michael Wilson on Comics & Graphic Novels

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The History of Comics and the Graphic Novel

What are comic books (manga) and graphic novels? They are the combination of images and text. Essentially that’s it. What, on theoretical grounds, would place an age or sophistication limit on something that combines image and text? Are, for example, road signs – which are normally a combination of image and text – only meant to be read by teenage road users? Clearly not. It would be an odd idea to suggest.

Even comic book creators like myself have to admit, however, that for most of the history of the art form of comics/manga, they have been created with younger readers in mind. But, the audience normally targeted by the producers of an art form is quite different from that art form’s potential and inherent characteristics. We might as well say that music is inherently for kids because most pop music is targeted at teenagers. To extrapolate that ‘music is for kids’ seems ridiculous, even laughable. There is nothing inherent in comic books that dictates they are for younger readers or that they are lowly in artistic value. Instead, we should recognize that there are comic books for children and comic books for adults, just as there is music for children and music for adults.

Comic books have a long history. In the US most scholars place the roots of comics in the 1890s with The Yellow Kid. In the U.K. scholars place them further back, to Ally Slopers Half Holiday in 1867. Some recent research in my home country of Scotland puts their origin even earlier, claiming that The Glasgow Looking Glass (1826) was the first comic strip. Given that Scottish creators such as Grant Morrison and Alan Grant have contributed so much to comics in the last 30 or 40 years, it would be a fitting origin to the art form to have Scottish roots.

Whatever the origin, comics have a long and varied history, stretching over different periods and places, including Japan. In this long flow we have seen developments in the audience, the type of people who make comics, the subjects covered, and the printing and distribution methods. At various points in that history the main target audience for comics were kids and teenagers. But at other times the focus was more on adult readers or a general audience. We are in such a period now, that started in the mid 1980s.

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Increasingly, and especially in the last 15 or 20 years, the image of comics is changing. Comics were rebranded as ‘graphic novels’ in order to indicate the increasing sophistication of comics and their suitability for adult readers. Comic books have also become more prominent in public and college libraries, often in dedicated graphic novel sections. Courses in comics are taught in sociology, literature and art degrees in universities and there are even special degrees in comic studies. Many mainstream book publishers have branched out into graphic novel imprints, such as my own US publisher, Shambhala Publications, known for its range of books on East Asia. Comics have also broken into the world of literary awards. In the USA, the long running ‘Independent Publisher Book Awards’ has two categories for graphic novels, alongside the categories of travel books, design, modern history, etc.

The late 30s to the early 50s is often referred to as the ‘golden age’ of comics. But, looking at it another way we might say we are in a golden age right now. Over the last 10 to 15 years there has been a renaissance in the comic book world in the UK and North America. We have seen the breadth of subject matter and type of creators expand dramatically. There has been a substantial increase in the number of female creators, and in the number of creators from the Middle East, Asia, and Africa in English translation (and French, Spanish, Italian, and others). The range of topics has expanded from the customary subjects of superheroes, comedy, and sci-fi to embrace documentary, history, sociology and intimate portraits of dealing with disease, trauma and war. My own books are often about elements of Japanese history or global society, such as my book with Akiko Shimojima, Secrets of the Ninja, which received an award from the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Another book on alternatives to capitalism, Parecomic, features an introduction by Noam Chomsky, the first involvement of the renowned intellectual with comic books. Our illustrated sociology book, Portraits of Violence, won a literary award and garnered a review in The Times Literary Supplement.

A stubborn level of resistance to the value of comic books persists among fans of literature and art. At a writers convention at a university in Kobe I had a heated debate with a professor who insisted that ‘books don’t need visuals’. He is, of course, right. Novels, ‘regular books,’ text-only books don’t need the illustrations that comic books have. But that is a little like saying spaghetti bolognese doesn’t need Parmesan cheese. Sure, it does not – but if we decide to add it, then without question, something is gained. Regardless of whether it’s to your taste or not.

Comic books inherently bring that mix of text and images, something that regular books do not have. That mix of ingredients gives them something unique which, as readers, we can appreciate and enjoy the taste of. Books have different aspects, which produce different experiences each of which is interesting in it’s own way, for readers of any age. So, I urge you to dip your fork into the taste of the wonderful mixture of text and art found in comic books and manga.

Sean Michael Wilson is author of the graphic novel Wuthering Heights.

He can be found online at:

Web Page: http://seanmichaelwilson.weebly.com
Blog: http://sean-michael-wilson.blogspot.com/
Twitter: @SeanMichaelWord
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/seanmichaelwilson/